A
5V output is most commonly used when the end application needs powering via a USB connector, for example a mini/micro B or Type-C plug. Or, if space is at a premium, the
DC cable and USB plug can be removed altogether and replaced with a female socket on the case like on phone chargers.
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The device will very likely burn out. In addition, depending on what the device is and the capacity of the 12V supply, connecting a 12V supply to a device rated 5V max could lead to a hazard - fire, explosion, etc. Mostly it will get damaged.