RS232 is full-duplex,
RS485 is half-duplex, and RS422 is full-duplex. ...
RS485 and
RS232 are only the physical protocol of communication (ie interface standard),
RS485 is the differential transmission mode,
RS232 is the single-ended transmission mode, but the communication program does not have much
difference.
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The RS485 converter interface uses two wires for communication, one for transmitting and one for receiving data, which is referred to as a half-duplex communication converter. The typical common-mode voltage range for a RS485 converter is -7V to +12V.